Why We Do What We Do: Understanding Self-Motivation by Edward L. Deci

Summary

'Why We Do What We Do' by Edward L. Deci explores the psychological underpinnings of motivation, focusing on why self-motivation is so powerful and how it can be nurtured or undermined. The book is grounded in Deci's groundbreaking Self-Determination Theory, proposing that autonomy, competence, and relatedness are the key drivers of intrinsic motivation. Deci uses real-life examples and research to show that external rewards and controls can often undermine genuine self-motivation, ultimately diminishing performance, creativity, and satisfaction. He provides strategies for creating environments that support rather than stifle intrinsic motivation both at work and in personal life. The book challenges readers to rethink common motivational tactics, advocating for approaches that foster authentic engagement and personal growth.

Life-Changing Lessons

1. True motivation flourishes when people feel autonomous, competent, and connected to others. External rewards, punishments, and excessive controls can diminish intrinsic motivation, making people less effective and engaged. To motivate others effectively—whether as parents, teachers, or managers—it's crucial to support their sense of autonomy rather than relying on manipulation or coercion.

Publishing year and rating

The book was published in: 1995

AI Rating (from 0 to 100): 92

Practical Examples

1. Motivation in the workplace

   Deci describes managers who move from strict oversight and reward-based incentives to empowering employees by giving them more autonomy and decision-making power. When employees feel their input is valued and they have a choice in how they complete tasks, their motivation and quality of work increase dramatically compared to when they just work for bonuses.

2. Parenting with autonomy support

   The book provides an example of parenting, contrasting strictly controlling parents with those who guide their children while allowing choices. Children given some freedom to make their own decisions—within reasonable boundaries—demonstrate greater persistence in the face of challenges and higher self-esteem.

3. Classroom motivation

   Deci examines cases where teachers supplement grades and rewards with encouraging student self-direction. When students have input into how and what they learn, they become more engaged and self-driven, leading to deeper learning and a genuine love of learning.

4. Goal-setting in sports

   In sports, Deci highlights how athletes perform better when coaches allow input into training plans and encourage self-set goals rather than rigidly dictating every move. The resulting sense of ownership increases resilience, enjoyment, and performance.

5. Change in therapy

   People undergoing psychotherapy, Deci notes, progress more rapidly if therapists help them tap into their own reasons for change rather than pushing them toward externally imposed expectations. This internalization leads to more lasting behavioral change.

6. Company policy changes

   Deci presents a company that shifted from routine performance bonuses to developing worker self-management groups. Productivity and job satisfaction increased as workers collaborated to find the best ways to meet organizational goals.

7. Educational reform

   Educational reforms centered on fostering student autonomy, rather than rote learning or strict curriculum adherence, produced environments where students felt empowered, were less anxious, and developed stronger critical thinking skills.